82 years ago the USSR attacked Finland. The Soviet Union hoped for a quick and easy victory, but eventually lost more than a hundred thousand soldiers in three months. We recall the Winter War in archive photos

On November 30, 1939, Soviet troops invaded Finland. It marked the beginning of the Winter War. The Soviet army significantly outnumbered the Finnish in soldiers and equipment. Therefore, the USSRʼs command hoped for a quick victory in a few weeks. This plan failed because the USSR underestimated Finnish defense, the nature of the terrain, and had a very poor organization. Soviet troops got bogged down in Finnish forests and swamps. The Finnish soldiers developed successful guerrilla tactics, which allowed them to destroy a large number of enemy personnel and equipment. By March 1940, the Soviet army had regrouped, strengthened, and broken through the Finnish defense, forcing them to agree to an unfavorable peace treaty. In the end, the Soviet Union lost about a hundred times more soldiers than Finland, and Finland lost about a tenth part of its territory. Babel recalls the causes, main events, and results of the Soviet-Finnish Winter War in archival photos.

In the 1930s, Finland spent minimal amounts of money on military needs, kept out of conflicts, and was focused on domestic development. In 1932, it signed a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union and at the same time completed and strengthened the “Mannerheim Line”. In 1938, Moscow already tried several times to impose a new treaty on Helsinki. At first, it demanded the Finns to host Soviet military bases, then to cede several border islands in the Baltic Sea to the USSR. Finnish diplomats rejected all these proposals.

In August 1939, one week before World War II began, Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. According to its secret protocols, Finland, along with the three Baltic states, came under Soviet influence. In the beginning of November 1939, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, under pressure, signed "Friendship and Mutual Assistance" agreements with the Soviet Union.

The USSR tried to persuade Finland to enter into a similar agreement, now adding a new requirement to the previous ones: to move the border 90 kilometers west of Leningrad (now St. Petersburg). "There is nothing we can do about geography... Since Leningrad cannot be moved, we will have to move the border away from it", – said Joseph Stalin during the talks.

Finnish diplomats did not agree to such conditions, the negotiations came to a standstill. Finally, Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov told the Finnish delegation: “We civilians did not achieve any progress. Now itʼs up to the soldiers."

In the spring of 1939, the Soviet Union began preparing for a possible war against Finland. To obtain a formal excuse for the invasion, on November 26, 1939, Soviet troops shelled their own positions near the border village of Mainila with artillery, blaming Finland and refusing to jointly investigate the incident.

On November 30, 1939, four Soviet armies invaded Finland. They crossed several sections of the Finnish border, from the Karelian Isthmus to the Arctic. On the same day, the Soviets began bombing the Finnish capital, Helsinki, from aircraft. The USSR Army significantly outnumbered the Finnish in terms of personnel and equipment. Therefore, the Soviet leadership, led by Peopleʼs Commissar for Defense Kliment Voroshilov, hoped for a quick and easy victory that could be achieved in 10-12 days at best, and until the 60th anniversary of Stalin on December 21,1939 in the worst scenario.

The Soviet Union did not even officially declare war on Finland. But the day after the invasion, on December 1, 1939, in the Soviet-occupied border town of Terijoki (now Zelenogorsk, Russia), a puppet Finnish Democratic Republic (FDR) with a “peopleʼs government” of Finnish communist immigrants was formed. Moscow immediately signed an “agreement on mutual assistance and friendship” with FDR, and the invasion was declared a “war of liberation”.

After the first weeks of the war, it became clear that the USSR wonʼt get a quick victory. It became apparent that the Soviets underestimated the enemyʼs fortifications and the geography of the terrain where the operation was taking place. Different types of troops acted incoherently: artillery did not support the infantry, infantry did not keep up with the tanks, air defense fired on their aircraft, and aircraft inflicted friendly fire, bombing Soviet troops. The Soviet command, hoping for a quick operation, did not bother to provide personnel with warm clothes. As a result, thousands of soldiers in light overcoats died from frostbite when the temperature dropped just below ten degrees [Celsius].

Eventually, only the polar troops succeeded. On the Karelian Isthmus, the Soviet troops could not advance behind the Mannerheim Line because they were completely unprepared to destroy pillboxes and bunkers. At the same time, even the Finnish commander-in-chief Carl Gustav Mannerheim was admitted that due to lack of funds it was possible to build a line of defense that was far from perfect. “We, of course, had the line of defense... but its strength was the result of the resilience and courage of our soldiers, not the reliability of the buildings.”

The two Soviet armies also did not do well in the central parts of the frontline, near Lake Ladoga and in North Karelia. Here the Finns fully applied their “motti” guerrilla tactics. In its essence, this tactic aims to identify, divide, and then destroy the enemy. Mobile ski troops were perfect for this task. They did not come into direct confrontation with the prevailing Soviet forces. Instead, they acted in the rear, setting up ambushes and retreating to bases in the woods that were prepared in advance.

Finnish guerrillas developed their tactics of attacking mechanized columns, stretched along narrow roads through snow-covered forests and swamps for dozens of kilometers. On the impassable section of the road they disabled vehicles at the front and the end of the column with machine guns or mines. Then snipers, almost invisible in white masks, tried to destroy drivers, liaison officers, and commanders. All of them stood out in the snowy forest in their dark uniforms. This way, the Finns divided the enemy divisions into small groups, stopping their advance and destroying them from ambushes. The guerrillas also often ensured that no one could escape from the encirclement or bring reinforcements. The soldiers who remained in the column were gradually dying from frostbite and food shortages.

Thanks to the motti tactics, a Finnish group of about 11,000 soldiers defeated the five times bigger amount of enemyʼs forces. Several Soviet divisions were completely destroyed. Some of their units remained surrounded until the very end of the war. Later, a similar tactic was used against the Soviets in Afghanistan, and against the Russian troops in Chechnya.

At the beginning of the war, the Finns lacked weapons and equipment. Some of the tanks they used dated back to World WarI I. Most of them were suitable only as fixed firing points. But Finnish guerrillas used improvised explosive devices and grenades. Bottles with flammable mixture became the main innovation and effective anti-tank weapon. Initially, they were nicknamed “Molotov cocktail” after the main mouthpiece of Soviet propaganda Vyacheslav Molotov. Speaking on the radio, he said that Soviet aircraft were dropping on Helsinki not bombs, but “bread for hungry Finnish workers”. Molotov cocktails are still used in different conflicts around the world.

Thanks to successful guerrilla tactics, many Soviet weapons, equipment, and other trophies were seized in the first month of the war. The Finns got about 40 tanks, almost 100 different artillery pieces, about 20 armored vehicles, 350 machine guns, several thousand rifles, battle flags, and military maps.

At the end of December 1939, the Soviet leadership realized that any attempts to continue the offensive would only lead to new losses. There was a lull at the front. The new commander Semyon Timoshenko took into account past mistakes. He spent January and the beginning of February 1940 gathering intelligence, reinforcing, regrouping and training troops, and arranging supplies. The storm of “Mannerheim Line” had become the primary task.

The Finnish command understood that despite the success in the first month of the war, the country would still not be able to withstand the Soviet Union on its own. From December 1939, Great Britain and France began supplying Finns with weapons. But the Finnish army lacked personnel reserves. Little more than ten thousand volunteers from Sweden, Norway, and other countries could do little to oppose the bloated Soviet army of more than 760,000 people.

London and Paris could not coordinate the sending of a joint unit of paratroopers and aviation to Finland. The next meeting regarding this was scheduled for March 12, 1940. But it was too late. Soviet troops, suffering heavy losses, broke through the Mannerheim Line. Under the threat of full occupation of the country, the Finnish government asked Moscow to negotiate.

126,875 Soviet soldiersdied in the Winter War according to data from 1951. In reality, this figure may be even higher.

26,662 Finnish soldiersdied in the Winter War according to data from 1999.

At noon on March 13, 1940, the countries ceased the warfare. A new peace treaty between the USSR and Finland entered into force. Under its terms, the Finns lost about 40 thousand square kilometers of land, a tenth part of their territory. The border was pushed 150 kilometers back from Leningrad. The second largest city in Finland, Viipuri, became part of the USSR and was renamed to Vyborg. About 430,000 Finnish residents that lived on the territories ceded to the Soviet Union were forced to flee their homes and relocate inland.

The USSR was expelled from the League of Nations as an aggressor. The Democratic Republic of Finland disappeared as quickly as it came into existence. Timoshenko became the new Peopleʼs Commissar for Defense instead of Voroshilov, who was no longer involved in major military operations. Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev later recalled: “All of us — and Stalin first and foremost — sensed in our victory a defeat by the Finns. It was a dangerous defeat because it encouraged our enemiesʼ conviction that the Soviet Union was a colossus with feet of clay.” Eventually, he appeared to be right. The German command, observing the course of the Soviet-Finnish war, came to the conclusion that the USSR could not resist the German army. The following year, 1941, Finland joined the Nazi invasion of the USSR.

Translated from Ukrainian by Olya Panchenko.

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